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Organization and purpose of these Lesson
Plans
The purpose of these plans is to provide the teacher with
background information to the book as well as ideas for pre-teaching and
extension activities. Included is also a set of questions for each chapter
and a resources page with web sites and books listed. We will begin with a
brief education behind the ideas in the book, recommendations for teaching
with it, specific questions and finally ideas for further research.
How does On the Trail of John
Brown’s Body tie into Book One of the Young Heroes of History Series, Send
‘Em South?
First of all, let us remember that all of the Young
Heroes of History books are designed to be used either as stand alone books
or as part of a ten volume family saga. It is not necessary to purchase
other books if a teacher only wants to focus on the issues in On the
Trail of John Brown’s Body.
In Send ‘Em South, we are introduced to David and
George Adams, two young Irish boys who live in Boston at a time when the
Irish were severely mistreated and abused by the people of Boston.
Fortunately for David, his father married a relatively wealthy Abolitionist
woman. This allowed the family to move out of the slums. The entire Irish
family, including George and his father, were allowed to rent a house from
David’s grandfather even though he openly dislikes the Irish.
Years later, David’s parents have left him in Boston to
move to the dangerous Kansas territory. As avid abolitionists, they hope to
help make the newly forming state slave free. While they are gone, David and
George discover Lisa, a fugitive slave girl trying to escape the slave
catchers who have come to find her. Although George does not really want to
help, David brings him along in his attempt to help Lisa remain free. By the
end of the book, David has apparently failed and Lisa is returned to the
plantation in Georgia.
What is On the Trail of John Brown’s
Body about?
On the Trail of John Brown’s Body is
a story about two cousins who desperately want to remain best friends
despite the split that is going on in their family and in the country over
the slavery issue. Unfortunately for them both, David’s father and
grandfather are deeply involved in a secret plot with the mysterious John
Brown. When David unwittingly steals money from his grandfather and runs
away to Kansas, he sets in motion a series of events that will imperil the
entire family.
David’s grandfather sends George after David. Then he
hires a mysterious stranger to follow them. Throughout George’s travels
and even in Kansas, this stranger becomes a constant threat. Once in Kansas,
the boys experience first hand the danger and violence of "Bleeding
Kansas." To make matters worse David’s mother is ill and his father
keeps disappearing for days at a time. The only time things seem normal is
when David, George, their new friend Charles and their fathers play a
friendly game of baseball.
When the mystery finally begins to make itself known, things
only get worse. David’s father is involved with the mysterious John Brown
and has gone off to Harper’s Ferry to end slavery forever! Only George and
David can stop him but they don’t know whether they should! George ends up
kidnapped by Brown’s men and it looks like he might even die when Brown
attacks the town and makes George and other citizens his hostages!
What are the Objectives of On
the Trail of John Brown’s Body?
To provide background information on the Civil War as part
of the everyday descriptions.
To portray life in the Kansas Territory during the days of
"Bloody Kansas".
To highlite the extremes of the Abolitionist movement and
introduce the different perspectives on the anti-slavery movement.
To introduce major characters and places such as John
Brown; Lawrence, Kansas; Harper’s Ferry, Virginia; Colonel Robert E. Lee
and portray them as they appeared to the people of the times.
To portray the time period through the eyes of the people
who lived it.
To portray the events in a non-biased way in order to
allow the reader to evaluate and judge.
To describe the issues of the times in contemporary terms.
To include the everyday concerns of people of the time
period in order to put the larger issues into perspective.
To portray the individuals as people similar to ourselves
that the reader can relate to.
To instill an appreciation of history.
To provide the reader with questions and issues for debate
and discussion.
What are the Critical Issues presented in On
the Trail of John Brown’s Body?
Ending slavery was a goal for all abolitionists in America
yet few people could agree on how to end it. On the Trail of John Brown’s
Body portrays the many differences of opinion which divided not only the
abolitionists but the country as well. In following the exploits of men and
women who went to Kansas to end slavery, the book tries to show how some
individuals actively took a role in establishing slave free states in new
territories in America. With the passing of the Kansas Nebraska Act, the
United States essentially set up an area where slave supporters and
abolitionists could literally fight out the issue. "Bleeding
Kansas" becomes the country’s first battleground where blood is shed
over the slavery issue and our characters are right in the middle of all of
this.
Unfortunately for our two main characters David and George,
this is not where the movement stops. Some men believed in overthrowing the
U.S. Government and ending slavery through violence. When David and George
discover John Brown’s plot to takeover the Federal Arsenal at Harper’s
Ferry, the issue of using violence to overthrow an immoral law not only
divides the two boys but it causes tragedy for them and for the country.
Who is the target audience for On
the Trail of John Brown’s Body?
The quick answer to this question is middle level readers,
usually around the age of 11-15. However, understanding the uniqueness of
individuals, there are of course many ways to adapt the reading level for
different needs. The book is appropriate for younger readers who read above
level or have an interest in the civil war or history. Finally, it can also
be used with younger learners in a group reading where an adult is present.
The book may also be used by older students and indeed has been used in
grades as high as 11.
What are the important vocabulary and
concepts that a reader should be aware of?
The answer to this question of course depends on what degree
the teacher wants to cover material. A basic reading with discussion of
slavery and racism can be extended all the way to an in depth examination of
society during the 1850’s as well as an investigation into the causes of
the civil war. To begin with, the following vocabulary should be known:
Abolitionists: A person who was openly against slavery
and tried to end it in a variety of ways.
Kansas-Nebraska Act: This act, passed in 1854, initiated
a mass migration to the Kansas and Nebraska territories. Based upon the
notion of popular sovereignty and sponsored by Senator Stephen Douglas, this
allowed for the two territories to appeal to the United States government as
either slave or free states once the population was sufficient enough to
form a state. It resulted in the settlement of many abolitionists in Kansas
in an attempt to make it a free state. Many slave supporters from nearby
Missouri were against this and the conflicts between the two erupted
violently earning the territory the name of "Bleeding Kansas."
KT: This is how the locals referred to the Kansas
Territory.
FreeStaters: Slang term for people who wanted to make
sure a territory became a slave-free state.
Emigrant Aid Society: A group of people who helped
abolitionists settle in Kansas.
Suggested pre-activities:
**Special Note: Much of the information
needed to cover these topics can be found on the various web sites listed at
the end of these plans.
Discuss the history of slavery and its conditions.
Study the rights of slave owners in the South
Examine the expansion of Slavery by looking at the various
compromises: 3/5; Missouri; 1850.
Review the Kansas Nebraska Act
Debate the rights of slave owners to bring slaves where they
want.
Review and/or debate the Dred Scott case.
Discuss the activities of Abolitionists like Frederick
Douglas, William Lloyd Garrison and John Brown.
Examine the Geography of the United States at the time.
Identify Southern and Northern states as well as the territories.
Explore the early origins of Baseball
Specific Questions for On the Trail of
John Brown’s Body:
These questions are designed to be used by many levels of
students. They are broken down in to simple recall and understanding,
in-depth and critical thinking questions, and extension/discussion
questions. Feel free to use whatever questions meet the needs of the age
group you are using.
Introduction:
Understanding:
1. What kind of laws did David’s parents break?
2. What kind of a man does John Brown appear to be?
3. What kind of an adventure did David and George have in
Book One Send ‘Em South?
Chapter One
Recall:
Why did David and George break into their Grandfather’s
house?
Did they like their Grandfather? Why/why not?
What does the envelope with the money say on the front?
Where is David’s mother Regina?
Chapter Two:
Recall:
1. Why does George think David stole the money?
2. In addition to going after David, why else does
Grandfather want George and his father to go to Kansas?
Critical Thinking:
3. How does Grandfather force George and his father to go
after David?
Chapter Three:
Recall:
1. Who is Thomas and what did he like to do with George and
David?
2. What are the two ways that George and Sean could get to
Kansas? Which way did they choose and why?
3. What does Grandfather tell the stranger to do?
Critical Thinking:
4. What do you think the "Greater Cause" is that
the stranger refers to?
Chapter Four:
Recall:
1. Describe the route that George and Sean take to get to
Kansas.
2. What is the National Road, why was it built and what is
it like to travel on it?
3. Why was George looking forward to the trip?
4. What did George find when he returned to his room in the
Inn?
Chapter Five:
Recall:
1. How is the Prairie different from Boston?
2. What happened to George’s mother?
3. Who is fighting in the Kansas Territory?
Critical Thinking:
4. What kind of people does the boy think George and Sean
are? Why does he think this?
Discussion:
5. Who should decide whether a state will be slave or free?
Should it be the government of the United States who decides before anyone
has moved there or should it wait and let the people who have moved there
decide?
Extension:
6. Research the Irish Potato Famine. Why did the Irish come
to America and how were they treated when they got here?
Chapter Six:
Recall:
1. What does the Emigrant Aid Society of Massachusetts do?
2. What is the main street in Lawrence?
3. What is George’s reaction at seeing David?
4. What do George and David want to do with Charles?
Critical Thinking:
4. Why is the Emigrant Aid Society helping people move to
Lawrence?
5. Why does George feel the way he does about seeing David?
Extension:
6. Research the early game of Baseball. How is it different
from today’s version?
Chapter Seven:
Recall:
1. What is wrong with Regina?
2. How do David’s parents react to hearing that he stole
the money?
3. What does the word Brown mean on the envelope?
4. What does David’s father do with the money and the
paper?
Critical Thinking:
5. How does Regina describe John Brown? How does David
describe him? What can account for this difference?
Chapter Eight:
Recall:
Why is the stranger in Lawrence and why does he decide to
stay?
How does Sean stop the stranger from hurting David? Be
specific.
Who forces the stranger to leave?
Chapter Nine:
Recall:
What does David think about his Dad during the game?
What ends the Baseball game?
What makes David so upset that he cries?
Critical Thinking:
4. What is mysterious about David’s father?
Chapter Ten:
Recall:
Why is David angry at Charles?
2. What happened to Regina?
Critical Thinking:
3. Should David have said anything to Charles about his
father or should he have kept quiet?
4. What does Regina think will happen if the violence in
Kansas continues?
Chapter Eleven:
Recall:
What does David’s father John decide to do with the boys
and his brother Sean?
What does the group find when they approach Charles’
house?
Who attacked Charles and Abe?
What can the government do about it?
Critical Thinking:
5. Where did John get his gun? What is strange about this?
6. Why did the book "Uncle Tom’s Cabin" anger
the strangers?
Extension:
7. Research the book Uncle Tom’s Cabin. What was it
about and why did it anger so many Southerners?
Chapter Twelve:
Recall:
1. What has happened to Regina during the summer?
2. Where has David’s father gone?
3. Who has been chosen to go after him?
4. What does David give George for good luck?
Chapter Thirteen:
Recall:
What does John say Brown’s plan is?
What did John ask his brother Sean to do?
What did Sean think of John’s idea?
What did he tell John?
5. What did George do during the conversation? What did this
result in?
Discussion:
6. John claims that everyone who tolerates slavery is guilty
and that there are no innocents. Do you agree with this? Why/ why not? What
kinds of actions to end slavery are justified according to what you just
wrote?
Chapter Fourteen:
Recall:
What did Sean talk about in trying to get his brother to
stop what he was doing?
How does George try to stop the fight?
How does the fight end and what happens to John? Be as
specific and detailed as you can.
Critical Thinking:
4. John compares his raid to the American Revolution and
George Washington’s attempt to free us from the King of England. Is this a
fair comparison? Why/ why not?
Chapter Fifteen:
Recall:
1. What did George’s father say George had to do after the
fight was over?
2. Who captured George and what are they doing?
3. What group of buildings had Brown’s men captured?
4. What item did Brown want for himself?
Cause and Effect:
5. Trace how John Brown has affected George’s life. Begin
with the letter that David found and discuss what involvement George’s
family has had so far. Be sure to discuss the Kansas connection.
Chapter Sixteen:
Recall:
1. Describe the place where George was held captive. Who was
there with him?
2. How did the townspeople react when they found out what
Brown was doing?
3. Why didn’t the hostages eat the food?
4. How does Brown react to the wounding of his son?
Critical Thinking:
5. Does Brown’s plot go according to plan? How can you
tell? What kinds of things seem to go wrong?
Chapter Seventeen:
Recall:
1. Who has President Buchanan sent to stop Brown?
2. What was Brown’s reaction to the surrender orders?
3. How did the Marines stop Brown? What happened to him?
Chapter Eighteen:
Recall:
1. Who comes to watch the trial and what kind of a scene
does it create? Describe it.
2. Who appears suddenly at George’s door?
3. Why is he angry?
4. What effect did John Brown have on David?
Critical Thinking:
5. George notices that the trial almost turned into a debate
on slavery. Why is this so?
6. Should the ethics of slavery be considered in deciding
John Brown’s guilt?
7. Who does David blame for his father’s death? How has it
affected him?
8. What do you think David is planning?
Epilogue:
Recall:
1. How did Northerners react to Brown?
2. How did Southerners react?
3. Who suggested that George and his father move to
Richmond?
4. How has George’s entire family been split up?
Summary:
1. Why would John Brown’s actions have a lasting effect on
the country?
2. What does the song John Brown’s Body say about
the effect he had on the North?
Discussion and Debate:
3. Was John Brown right? When is taking up arms against the
government justified?
Suggested Post Activities:
*Contact the National Park Service and order the National
Park Service’s John Brown =s
Raid Video made by the Harpers Ferry Historical
Association, Harpers Ferry, Va. This is an excellent video for students.
*Look at John Brown’s Constitution. (Page 1 enclosed)
Analyze his goals for the new country. What exactly did Brown want?
*Research and discuss the election of Abraham Lincoln. What
were the reasons Southerners gave for their secession? How did the John
Brown trial fuel these feelings?
*Discuss the ethics of laws. Who makes them and should they
ever be broken? What are the implications of breaking laws?
*Research the origins of the civil war. Debate whether it
could have been avoided.
*Research the violence in Kansas. Was it indeed a proofing
ground for the Civil War?
*Discuss the government’s right to establish rules and
laws in territories.
**For an extra extension, research and discuss the
establishment of the state of Utah by the Mormons. Compare this with Kansas
and discuss what rights people have (had) to establish new territories based
on their beliefs.
For more ideas or background information,
consult the following web-sites:
United States Civil War Center
http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/cwc/civlink.htm
**Great Resource on John Brown; Contains primary sources,
summaries, etc…
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p1550.html
http://www.johnbrown.org/toc.htm
Literature of the Civil War Lesson Plans
http://7-12educators.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yale.edu%2Fynhti%2Fcurriculum%2Funits%2F1997%2F2%2F97.02.02.x.html
Harper’s Ferry Raid Summary
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/brown/peopleevents/pande09.html
Summary of John Brown and Harper’s Ferry History
http://www.wvculture.org/history/jnobrown.html
Lesson Plans on the Civil War itself
http://7-12educators.miningco.com/cs/historycwlessons/index.htm
Lessons plans and info on slavery and black history
http://7-12educators.miningco.com/cs/slavery/index.htm
Remembering Slavery Voices and text of slaves
http://www.uncg.edu/~jpbrewer/remember/
A slave recounts his life primary source
http://dbs.ohiohistory.org/africanam/page.cfm?ID=13928&Current=002&View=Text
Junior Detective: On the Trail of Some Famous Kansans.
http://www.kshs.org/activity/jrdetect/guesgame.htm
A list of books on Bleeding Kansas
http://www.ukans.edu/carrie/kancoll/galbks.htm
MARAIS DU CYGNE Historic Site. Summarizes the Massacre
http://www.kshs.org/places/marahist.htm
website for Lawrence, KS. History museum
http://www.ci.lawrence.ks.us/museums/watkins.html
American Civil War Timeline
http://www.americancivilwar.com/tl/timeline.html
The Making of the National Road.
www.connerprairie.org/cp/ntlroad.html
Or, consult these sources used in the
research of On the Trail of John Brown’s Body
Boyer, Paul S.; Clark Clifford E. Jr., et al. The
Enduring Vision: A History of the American People. D.C. Heath,
Lexington, Ma. 1990.
Crumrin, Timothy, The Making of the National Road.
Www.connerprairie.org/cp/ntlroad.html; 1994.
Fish, Carl Russell, The Rise of the Common Man. The
Macmillan Compnay, New York, New York, 1927.
Gilbert, David T. Harpers Ferry National Park.
Http://pigpen.itd.nps.gov/hafe/hf_info.htm; 8/2/99
Goodrich, Thomas War to the Knife. Stackpole Books,
1998.
Hart, Albert Bushnell, American History told by
Contemporaries, Volume IV. The Macmillan Company, New York, 1964.
Hickok, Raplh Baseball History. Ralph Hickok, http://www.hickoksports.com/history/baseba02.shtml,
1999.
Kansas State Historical Society, History of Adair Cabin/
John Brown Museum. Www.kshs.org/places/adarhist.htm 8/2/99.
Kent, Zachary, John Brown =s
Raid on Harpers Ferry. Children=s
Press, Chicago, Ill., 1988.
Lawrence Journal World, How Lawrence Got its Name.
Journal World Archives Document Delivery, http://newslibrary.krmediastream.c...nt/jw_auth?DBLIST=jw97&DOCNUM=2722
8 8/2/99.
Lawrence Journal World,The All True Adventures of Lidie
Newton. Journal World Archives Document Delivery, http://newslibrary.krmediastream.c...nt/jw_auth?DBLIST=jw97&DOCNUM=7517
8 8/2/99.
Lawrence Journal World,Early Politicians Left mark on
State. Journal World Archives Document Delivery, http://newslibrary.krmediastream.c...nt/jw_auth?DBLIST=jw97&DOCNUM=15503
8 8/2/99.
Lawrence Convention and Visitors Bureau Online, Visit
Lawrence www.visitlawrence.com/history/civilwar.html 8/2/99.
Lawrence Public Library, Years Past in Lawrence.
Http://www.ci.lawrence.ks.us/yearspast/mass_st/mass_st.html; 1996
McCutcheon, Marc, Everyday Life in the 1800s. Writer =s
Digest Books, Cincinnati, Oh. 1993.
McPherson, James M., Battle Cry of Freedom. Oxford
University Press, New York, 1988.
Monaghan, Jay, Civil War on the Western Border.
Bonanza Books, New York, New York, 1955.
National Park Service. John Brown =s
Raid Library of Conress, Washington D.C. 1973
National Park Service. John Brown =s
Raid Video Harpers Ferry Historical Association,
Harpers Ferry, Va.
Nevins, Allan, The Needless Conflict A Treasury of
American Heritage. pp. 216-223., Simon & Schuster, New York, 1960.
Oates, Stephen B., God =s
Angry Man, American History Volume I, Article
27. The Dushkin Publishing Group Inc., Guilford, Ct., 1987.
Rae, Noel, Witnessing America. Stonesong Press, New
York, 1996.
Smiley, Jane The All True Travels and Adventures of Lidie
Newton. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1998.
Stampp, Kenneth M., The Peculiar Institution. Vintage
Books, N.Y., N.Y., 1956.
Sutherland, James, Lawrence City Directory James
Sutherland, Indianapolis, Ind. 1861.
Winckler, Suzanne, The Smithsonian Guide To Historic
America: The Plains States. Stewart, Tabori & Chang, New York, New
York, 1990.
Primary Source Document: John Brown’s
Constitution Page 1
Courtesy of the National Archives
**The above document has been visually enhanced by the
author. Text is the original.
For full text see http://www.nara.gov/cgi-bin/starfinder/5355/standard.txt
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